Current Issue : October-December Volume : 2021 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 5 Articles
Ferroptosis is a recently described form of regulated cell death characterized by intracellular iron accumulation and severe lipid peroxidation due to an impaired cysteine-glutathione-glutathione peroxidase 4 antioxidant defence axis. One of the hallmarks of ferroptosis is a specific morphological phenotype characterized by extensive ultrastructural changes of mitochondria. Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondria play a significant role in the induction and execution of ferroptosis. The present review summarizes existing knowledge about the mitochondrial impact on ferroptosis in different pathological states, primarily cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we highlight pathologies in which the ferroptosis/mitochondria relation remains to be investigated, where the process of ferroptosis has been confirmed (such as liver- and kidney-related pathologies) and those in which ferroptosis has not been studied yet, such as diabetes. We will bring attention to avenues that could be followed in future research, based on the use of mitochondria-targeted approaches as antiand proferroptotic strategies and directed to the improvement of existing and the development of novel therapeutic strategies....
'e anterior lens capsule (ALC), as the thickest basement membrane in the body, is an acellular, soft, smooth, transparent membrane secreted by lens epithelial cells. 'e ALC has its unique biomechanical properties to serve as a barrier and separate the lens from infectious viruses and bacteria together with the posterior capsule and pericapsular membrane. However, the biomechanical and ultrastructural properties of the ALC can be changed under certain conditions. Here, we provide a brief review of the pathological changes of the ALC in several eye disorders, including cataract, aniridia, climatic droplet keratopathy, exfoliation syndrome, true exfoliation syndrome, Alport syndrome, and silicone oil tamponade....
.e automatic diagnosis of various retinal diseases based on fundus images is important in supporting clinical decision-making. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved remarkable results in such tasks. However, their high expression ability possibly leads to overfitting. .erefore, data augmentation (DA) techniques have been proposed to prevent overfitting while enriching datasets. Recent CNN architectures with more parameters render traditional DA techniques insufficient. In this study, we proposed a new DA strategy based on multimodal fusion (DAMF) which could integrate the standard DA method, data disrupting method, data mixing method, and autoadjustment method to enhance the image data in the training dataset to create new training images. In addition, we fused the results of the classifier by voting on the basis of DAMF, which further improved the generalization ability of the model. .e experimental results showed that the optimal DA mode could be matched to the image dataset through our DA strategy. We evaluated DAMF on the iChallenge-PM dataset. At last, we compared training results between 12 DAMF processed datasets and the original training dataset. Compared with the original dataset, the optimal DAMF achieved an accuracy increase of 2.85% on iChallenge-PM....
Breast conservation surgery (BCS) and nipple-areola-sparing (NAS) mastectomy have been recognized as two milestones in this period. This study included 60 Egyptian female patients with breast cancer, all of them were subjected to modified radical mastectomy operation. Methods: This study included female patients > 18 years old who have breast cancer with healthy looking non invaded skin of nipple and areola and excluded patients < 18 years old, patients unfit for surger, patients previously subjected to chemo or radiotherapy for breast cancer. We peformed clinical examination of 60 patients with breast cancer. We studied the relevant factors that affect NAC invasion such as patient’s age, menstrual state, family history, tumor size, tumor location (central vs peripheral), tumor to nipple distance, lymphovascular invasion of NAC, lymph node metastasis, histological tumor type, tumor stage, multifocal/multicentric tumors and (ER, PR, HER2) status. Result: In our study, we have shown that NAC invasion is strongly associated with: 1) Nipple retraction as a patient’s complaint; 2) Tumor site; 3) Tumor-nipple-distance ≤ 4 cm; 4) Multifocal/multicentric tumor; 5) Tumor grade (grade III tumors); 6) Positive lymph node invasion; 7) ER and PR receptors negativity; 8) HER2 positivity. This helps in preoperative planning for selecting patients for NAS mastectomy. Conclusion: The ideal patients for NAS mastectomy are with these criteria: 1) Clinically normal nipple areola complex; 2) Distance from the tumor to the nipple is >4 cm; 3) No multifocal/ multicentric tumor; 4) Absence of lymph node invasion; 5) Tumor grade (grade I, II); 6) Peripheral not central tumor; 7) No sub-areolar lymphovascular invasion (LVI); 8) ER receptor positive; 9) PR receptor positive; 10) HER2 negative....
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has dramatically changed our lives and habits. In just a few months, the most advanced and efficient health systems in the world have been overwhelmed by an infectious disease that has caused 3.26 million deaths and more than 156 million cases worldwide. Although the lung is the most frequently affected organ, the skin has also resulted in being a target body district, so much so as to suggest it may be a real “sentinel” of COVID-19 disease. Here we present 17 cases of skin manifestations studied and analyzed in recent months in our Department; immunohistochemical investigations were carried out on samples for the S1 spike-protein of SARS-CoV-2, as well as electron microscopy investigations showing evidence of virions within the constituent cells of the eccrine sweat glands and the endothelium of small blood vessels. Finally, we conduct a brief review of the COVID-related skin manifestations, confirmed by immunohistochemistry and/or electron microscopy, described in the literature....
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